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Safety Law News for March 11, 2024

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— In Washington State, the Supreme Court of Washington affirmed that school officials violated the statutory procedural rights of a student by indefinitely suspending him.  Administrators expelled the high school student on an emergency basis for violating its “gang contract,” e.g., wearing clothing affiliated with a gang.  The student also was cited for fighting another student on campus.  Later, officials “converted (the) emergency expulsion into a long-term suspension.”  The notice of this shift stated, “(d)ue to this situation and the involvement in others, aka victim of previous threat, the student will be long-term suspended and placed in an alternative educational setting.”  The Supreme Court of Washington ruled that “students who face suspensions are entitled to due process.”  Moreover, it relied upon state law which provides that, “(an) expulsion or suspension of a student may not be for an indefinite period of time and must have an end date… If a school district enrolls a student in another program or course of study during a suspension or expulsion, the district may not preclude the student from returning to the student’s regular educational setting following the end date of the suspension or expulsion, unless (certain exception apply).”  The Supreme Court of Washington found that none of the statutory exceptions applied and rejected the argument by the school that it has power to declare a discretionary placement decision based on safety concerns.  “Agreeing with the District would undermine the legislature’s intent.”  M.G. by Priscilla G. v. Yakima School District. No. 7

— In Massachusetts, School resource officers in the Mansfield School District have started an after-school video game club for middle-schoolers.  “Twice a week after school, students in grades six through eight (at the Qualters Middle School) play games and enjoy a lively atmosphere. The games include Mario Kart 8 Deluxe, Super Smash Bros., and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder’s Revenge, among others.”  The Superintendent stated that the “Game Club is yet another example of the impactful opportunities that our school resource officers develop for Mansfield students.”

— In Kentucky, provisions in Senate Bill 2 will strengthen trauma-informed resources in schools by increas(ing) suicide prevention trainings for teachers and school staff.  “According to the latest state data, one in seven high school students reported having seriously considered suicide within a 12-month period.”

— In Texas, the Texas Attorney General “released an advisory clarifying the requirements under state law for school districts to prepare for potential threats to student safety. Texas families equipped with knowledge of the law are more empowered to hold districts accountable for implementing and following the policies essential to keeping children safe at school.”

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Safety Law News for March 7, 2024

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— In Kentucky, the Court of Appeals of Kentucky affirmed the application of qualified immunity in a case involving a student who while “in his fifth-period civics class, drank an alcoholic beverage from a water bottle” and when being taken to the administrative office attempted to leave campus, causing the SRO to take the student down to the floor in a restraint hold.  The appellate court noted that dismissal of the case base upon  qualified immunity was appropriate because, “(p)roviding a safe school environment is “a general and continuing supervisory duty … which depends upon constantly changing circumstances.”  In this case “two breathalyzer tests…showed a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.126% and the second a BAC of 0.132%. Both exceeded the minimum standard for intoxication.”  Furthermore, “school officials reasonably believed they could not allow (the student) to leave the school while intoxicated.”  The appellate court also applied the state policy that “(p)hysical restraint may only be implemented in a public school or educational program if … the student’s behavior poses an imminent danger of physical harm to self or others.”  Carpenter v. Goodall

— In Colorado, officials in Spring Boat Springs are concerned about dangerous driving during school pickup and drop-off of children at school. They are issuing tickets for moving traffic violations. “(P)eople are rolling through the stop signs. They’re not stopping fully at the stop sign. Also, they need to listen to the crossing guards.”

— In Iowa, the legislature is “proposing a $3 million grant program schools could use to pay for firearms and training for their staff.”  House Study Bill 692, would create a grant program that “schools could use to purchase guns, add infrastructure, pay for training and provide stipends to staff who participate in training to receive a permit to carry weapons on school grounds.”

— In Texas, the Friendswood ISD trustees have approved a school safety policy providing multiple armed and school resource officers for all its schools. The policy is required “to meet the requirements for House Bill 3, which, among a number of safety requirements, calls for districts to have armed officers at all campuses during school hours.”

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Safety Law News for March 1, 2024

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— In Florida, the District Court of Appeal of Florida upheld the adjudication of a juvenile for “written threats to kill or do bodily harm,” in a case involving a social media message.  The juvenile posted a violent image on Snapchat and sent it to a friend with text at the bottom that said, “Don’t go to school tomorrow.”  The appellate court agreed with the lower court that the juvenile “intended the Snapchat as a threat, and the recipient would have understood it to be a threat based on the information revealed at trial.”  Significantly, the appellate court ruled that the state statute criminalizing transmission of threats to conduct mass shootings or acts of terrorism was not unconstitutionally overbroad and did not infringe juvenile’s right to free speech.  “Because (Florida law) deals only with “threats” to commit a violent act, it does not violate the juvenile’s First Amendment rights.”  B.W.B. v. State of Florida

— In Kentucky, “schools could bring in armed veterans and retired police officers to patrol campuses under a measure that advanced through the state Senate Education Committee Thursday.  Senate Bill 2 would allow districts to bring in so-called “guardians.” They would be trained to protect school campuses, especially in active shooter situations. They could be paid by districts or work on a volunteer basis.”

— In Iowa, the legislature is considering a school safety policy that would allow teachers and staff to carry guns in school.  “Staff who carry guns under the bill would be granted qualified immunity in cases of “reasonable force.””  House File 2586 would also “require the state’s largest districts to employ security officers or school resource officers in high school buildings unless the district’s school board votes against it.”

— In California, Assembly Bill 3038 “would require K-12 schools statewide to have at least one armed officer, also known as a school resource officer or SRO, on campus during regular school hours and other times students are present.”  The data show that California campuses have “experienced 96 school shootings between 2018 and 2023.”

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Safety Law News for February 28, 2024

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— In New Mexico, the Court of Appeals of New Mexico held that the actions of school officials leading up to the physical injury a student who returned to school after post-hip surgery fell within the waiver of immunity under state law.  The parent, “provided the school two separate doctor’s notes prohibiting his son from participating in any sports or physical education.”  Even so, “on (the student’s) first day back, his homeroom teacher allowed him to go outside during the recess break,” where he fell, sustaining “a serious injury to his recently operated-on hip.”   The appellate court ruled that the failure of the school “to follow school policy created a dangerous condition in the operation of the school and caused (the student’s) injury, and therefore… waived (school) immunity.”  The appellate court noted that, “a school simply cannot operate in a safe, reasonable, and prudent manner without affording, at the very least, the health and safety services that students have been promised, and upon which parents have relied.”  Vanhorn as Next Friend of Vanhorn v. Carlsbad Municipal School District

— In Illinois, the Chicago Board of Education voted to remove police from its campuses.  “A new “holistic” plan for school safety…will replace the SRO program.”  “Police will only be allowed outside of school campuses,” supervising school opening and closing.

— In Massachusetts, the Governor rejected requests to deploy the National Guard to address school violence in the Brockton Public Schools.  The Brockton School Board “pleaded in a Feb. 15 letter for the Guard’s “expertise in crisis management and community support” until the district was able to put long-term solutions in place.”  The Governor said that “sending in the National Guard would be an inappropriate response.”

— In Maryland, legislation has been introduced that would require Baltimore City Schools Police officers to carry a firearm while on school property.  Officers with Baltimore City Schools Police have the same powers as city police officers, but are prohibited from carrying their firearms inside schools.  Senate Bill 819 would take away the prohibition.

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Safety Law News for February 19, 2024

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— In Michigan, the United States District Court held that school officials did not violate the rights of a student who was expelled after lying to her parents about bathroom searches that were conducted to deter vaping in schools.  The school policy required officials to conduct “a brief look underneath the bathroom stall partitions (while standing outside the stall in the) public areas in the bathroom to see if multiple students were (vaping) in the same stall together.  The student told her parents that “the assistant principal had approached (her) stall and looked into it while (she) was urinating.”  The student also “asked another student to lie for her, and (her) friends threatened that student to back up (her) falsehood.”  The school board “decided to expel (the student) for 180 days… (for engaging) in conduct that involved the intimidation of another student in violation of the student handbook…(and) making false statements accusing an administrator of a sex crime.”  The court ruled that the First Amendment rights of the student were not violated because, “untruthful statements to the police about school administrator conduct involving interactions with students on the school property (are not protected).”  The court ruled that the Due Process Clause was not violated because, “before the disciplinary hearing, (the parent) was at least aware (of the student’s) false statements regarding (school officials) and her attempt to get (another student) to lie for her, (as) the basis of the recommended discipline.”  Moreover, there was “a rational relationship between (the student’s) actions and her expulsion.”  Finally, the court ruled that the Fourth Amendment was not violated because the “bathroom checks were permissible in their scope …after balancing the scope and manner of the search in light of the students’ expectation of privacy, the nature of the intrusion, and the severity of the school officials’ need in enacting such policies.” Ashton as Next Friend of E.B. v. Okemos Public Schools

— In Ohio, the Ohio School Safety Center is conducting training for schools on threat prevention.  The training is designed to provide “first responders in our schools …prevention methods that work for their schools, (as well as) best practices.”

— In West Virginia, House Bill 4299 seeks to authorize educators to volunteer to carry firearms in school.  In its provisions, “teachers, administrators, support personnel in elementary or secondary schools who volunteer to be designated as school resource officers…would be authorized to carry concealed firearms or a stun gun or Taser.”  The educators “would need to provide proof of a valid conceal carry permit and a certificate demonstrating completion of a Security Protection Officer Training program. The training would need to include mitigation techniques, neutralization of potential threats and active shooters, de-escalation techniques, crisis intervention and more.”

— In New York, “(n)early 100 frustrated residents in the town of Vestal showed up at a town board meeting…to protest and express concerns over the future of the town’s school resource officer (SRO) program.”  The residents, in favor of school resource officers, are urging officials to make school safety a priority.  “The fact that you’re looking at this as a place to save some money…God forbid we have a snow storm that we don’t want to have to pay for.’ Well God forbid…that you have something far more dangerous on your hands.”

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Safety Law News for February 7, 2024

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— In North Carolina, the Court of Appeals of North Carolina vacated the adjudication of a juvenile for violating state law that punishes students who “assault on a school employee and assault inflicting serious bodily injury for the same underlying conduct.”  The incident arose when the student was fighting “in the hallway while the school’s assistant principal was standing between them…(during which) the assistant principal suffered a concussion and was knocked unconscious.”  The facts include the testimony of the police officer on campus who said that, “he had to physically remove (the student) from the assistant principal and the other student and pin her to a nearby wall to deescalate the conflict.”  The appellate court ruled that the adjudication applied the law incorrectly.  “(North Carolina law) does not authorize her being held responsible for both assault on a school employee and assault inflicting serious bodily injury.”  This because of a prefatory clause in the law that, “provides for liability under that provision “unless the conduct is covered under some other provision of law providing greater punishment.”  The appellate court held that the phrase ““[u]nless the conduct is covered under some other provision of law providing greater punishment,” reveals an intent by our General Assembly to limit a trial court’s authority to impose punishment for assault on a female when punishment is also imposed for higher class offenses that apply to the same conduct. Here, because Defendant was also convicted and sentenced for assault inflicting serious bodily injury, a felony, (the student) should not be punished for committing an assault on a female.”  The appellate court vacated the disposition order and remanded the case a new dispositional hearing.  In Re S.C.

— In Utah, legislation has been introduced that would allow armed, trained persons called “school guardians” to respond to emergencies in Utah schools.  House Bill 84 “would establish a “guardian program.” In the absence of a school resource officer, or SRO, or security guard, a school employee could volunteer to be an armed guard to respond during an emergency….The guardians would train twice a year inside of the school, and the county sheriff would oversee their duties…Guardians would undergo mental health evaluations and de-escalation training. Their training would also include firearms proficiency.”

— In Tennessee, legislation has been in traduced that would permit schools to hire retired officers and honorably discharged veterans as school resource officers.  House Bill 1899 would “relieve SRO staffing issues that some school systems have faced.”  Schools “were forced to provide officers with hours of overtime to patrol schools, meaning there were potentially not enough officers available to hire them for those positions full-time.”

— In West Virginia, officials in the Cabell County Schools are utilizing a cyber-security protocol to detect threats of violence against the school or students and staff at the school.  Embedded within the county school system’s on-line network, the protocol, “allows us to monitor things that happen within our network, so the devices and connections that our students and teachers use in terms of interaction at school.”  Recently, “a student at Cabell-Midland High School is the target of an investigation into an alleged threat of violence…detected (by the protocol).”  “The student (was) detained by police.”